Wednesday, October 30, 2019
I am not sure about the subject that i used, but you have to put the Assignment
I am not sure about the subject that i used, but you have to put the right subject for each - Assignment Example This comes in the wake of different cases around the nation where officers are seen to manhandle or mistreat people from minority groups, with some even leading to the death of the said individuals (Schmidt 1). The issue of hate crimes has been a topic that is often discussed in hushed tones in various areas in the United States. In yet another different online article, The Guardian dated 10 Feb. 2015, three individuals were sentenced to prison for alleged hate crimes that led to the death of one James Craig Anderson. In the wake of these allegations, it later emerged that a group of white people would go to Jackson to pester, harass, and assault black people. Others were waiting sentencing stemming from the same hate crimes and conspiracy to do the same against nonwhites (AP 1). After a series of attacks by both white police officers and civilians, it has become necessary for major newspapers around the nation to highlight what is happening, and what should be done about it. It is clear that race is still an issue that most people are battling with, and with the rising number of cases, the attitude and mentality of everyone involved needs to change. This is for the betterment of society and everyone involved in making it prosper. It is my belief that whenever minority groups hear of such cases, there is bound to be traces of anger, bitterness, and resentment towards the other race, especially when perpetrators are not brought to book. It is about time people realize that society is made up of all races, and not just the whites. Associated Press, Jackson Mississippi. â€Å"Three sentenced in Mississippi for ‘Hate Crime’ Murder of Black Man.†The Guardian 10 Feb. 2015. Print. Schmidt, Michael S. â€Å"F.B.I. Director to Give Speech Addressing Relations between Police and
Monday, October 28, 2019
The Role of Emotion Focussed Theory in Functional Assessment Essay Example for Free
The Role of Emotion Focussed Theory in Functional Assessment Essay Introduction            In this essay , I am elaborating on the types of psychotherapy which have persisted for generations and which have undergone favourable changes over the years, conforming to the opinions of great psychoanalysts who have written a large amount of literature from their experience and research. I am concentrating on functional assessment and emotion focussed theory and an integration of the two. I have quoted from a few studies by psychotherapists and researchers. The advantages of the approaches would be obvious from the essay. How an integrated approach scores over the earlier functional assessment is described here with the support of researchers’ views. The Role of Emotion Focussed Therapy in Functional Assessment.            The humanistic or experiential traditional psychotherapy included the Gestalt therapy, client centred therapy and the existential therapy which were practised for a long time. The Gestalt therapy is a holistic, process oriented and field theoretical approach to human change.(Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). The factors of awareness, contact, personal responsiveness and responsibility are built into it. Primacy is ascribed to the uniqueness of the individual. The person is treated in whole rather than in parts. Biological maturation, environmental influences, interaction of the individual and the environment and creative adjustment play a crucial role (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). Fritz Perls,the founder, considers the method as a congruence of many theories. Freud’s psychoanalysis had an influence on Gestalt therapy. Perls used Freud’s developmental sequence in his theory. The four major concepts are biological field theory, theory of the organism, the need for making contact and relationship and the capacity for making wholes. Biological field theory states that an organism can be understood only in its organised, interactive, interconnected and interdependent totality (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). The second theory considers that an organism has physical, cognitive, emotional, social, economical, spiritual, aesthetic and interpersonal dimensions; each of equal importance. The third says contact or building of relationships is essential for survival. (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). A person who cannot make contact with his surroundings or has a blockade requires intervention. The fourth speaks of the human being as having the capacity of organising and reorganising his bodily functions, perceptual functions, cognitive and behavioural aspects. Gestalt therapy is aimed at assisting the client in restoring his own ability to self-regulate as an organism and have successful and fulfilling contact with others in the environment as well as be familiar with one’s own faults. The person is led to cope creatively with himself and the environment (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation) What is normal human nature?                The psychologically healthy human being whose organismic self-regulation is functioning well is a normal person. He is able to respond properly to his wants and needs and the environment (ID functions). He is able to respond to situations realistically according to his behaviour (Personality functions) (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation ). He is proactive instead of reactive, recognised by his ability to respond immediately and his willingness to take responsibilty. He lives with awareness in the present, is very aware about the past and is looking forward to the future (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). When do you call a person abnormal?            In psychological dysfunctioning there is a loss of awareness of needs, wants and desires. Free flowing and flexible contact with the environment is blocked or distorted. (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). He becomes reactive and simply unable to gauge events in their correct perspective. He is unable to take responsibility. His self –support is limited and he seeks help from outside. His ID and personality functions are disturbed. The style of contact changes (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). The work of the Therapist            The therapist focusses on improving the client’s contact and relationships. He establishes a dialogic relationship with the client. Limitations of Gestalt therapy            It lacks a distinct, elaborate and well defined theory. The developmental causes of psychological suffering are not addressed. There are no definite and constructive theories on how to effectively bring about a change in the client ( Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation). Psychoses and personality disorders are not represented. It has a reduced potential in treating acute cases with suicidal tendencies. The therapist needs to be present for the sessions for maximum benefit to the client. Many a time this may not be possible due to limitations in time. The client suffers then (Gestalt, Gestalt Global Corporation) Client centered therapy            The client-centered approach defined feeling as the union of emotion and cognition. The concept of experiencing and everything that is occurring within an organism at any given moment that is available to awareness are important. (Gendlin, 1962; Rogers, 1959). Extending deep understanding, empathy, congruence, caring are the various manners that a therapist can offer a client. Existential therapy            This takes into consideration the human condition. It has many similarities to the psychodynamic, humanistic, experiential and relational approaches to psychotherapy. Rollo May is considered the Father of Existential therapy. Yalom in his book, Existential Psychotherapy, 1980, speaks of 4 themes: death, freedom (responsibility), isolation and meaninglessness. These four issues are central to the human experience (Existential therapy, Hoffman) Functional Assessment            The philosophy behind functional assessment has been linked to the behaviourist tradition. It is an assessment-based approach to psychological therapy Functional analysis, behavioural assessment, antecedent consequent assessment, contextual assessment are terms used in it. Sequences form the basis of this therapy used by psychotherapists Cognitive behavioural assessment, systems focussed models, emotion focussed therapy and psychodynamic therapy are utilised to bring the mentally disturbed back into reality.            The presenting problem, precipitating factors, predisposing factors, perpetuating factors and protective factors are taken into consideration for functional assessment. The precipitating factors may instigate a problem in the presence of predisposing factors. The presenting problem takes the patient to a psychotherapist who sees him with the problem. What predisposed and what precipitated the problem have to be investigated into by the psychotherapist.  The therapist studies the case and comes up with an idea about the perpetuating factors and the protective factors. Emotions are not given much consideration here. The Emotion focused theory            Emotion research has come out with positive ideas on emotion. This kind of research has been done by many psychotherapists. Emotion theory and research say that emotion awareness, regulation and transformation are 3 important principles of emotional change. Recognising the part of the brain involved in the distress, the type of affect dysregulation and the type of change process that could be used form the basis for therapy (Greenberg, 2002). An integrated approach with stress on affect, cognition and behaviour is what is recommended by most psychotherapists. This approach affects the system at a desired level; cognitive, emotional, behavioural or interactional. Emotions are given their due importance as a fundamentally adaptive resource. They are a primary signalling system from birth and regulate our selves and give life its meaning (Greenberg, 2002). Healthy adaptation requires learning to be aware of, to tolerate and to regulate negative emotionality (Frijda, 1986) as well as to enjoy positive emotions (Frederickson, 1998).            Response to a fight-flight stimulus is said to be mediated by two pathways for producing emotion in the brain: a fast emotional response to a distress signal and a slower thinking-brain response which is usually unable to stop the reflex emotional response (Le Doux, 1996). The earlier response occurs based on previous experience. Similarly we can expect two kinds of learning; one a more conceptual one and the other a more perceptual, associative one (Pascual-Leone, 1987). Two types of memory too are described: one factual and the other emotional (van der Kolk, 1994). So two levels of processing are also possible: a conscious conceptual system and a tacit experiential system. Two systems of knowledge are thereby spoken of: knowledge by description and knowledge by experiencing (Greenberg, Rice and Elliot, 1993).            Scientists agree that the emotional response to an event is a constructive sequence of events (Greenberg, 2002). They could be described as stimulus appraisal, physiological appraisal, expressive behaviour, impulses to instrumental behaviour, interpretation, subjective feeling and visceral and motor responses.            Freud purported the theory of excess energy being discharged as affect and its dysfunction. Modern psychoanalysts have discarded this idea. Psychodynamic analyst, Stolorow (1994) believes that the dynamic unconscious consists not of repressed instinctual drive derivatives but of affect states that have been defensively walled off because they failed to evoke attuned responsiveness.            Behavioural and cognitive theories state that negative emotion is seen as a disturbance and disorganisation that interfered with behaviour (Greenberg, 2002). These negative emotions are seen as symptoms and therapy is directed towards them Behaviourists and cognitive behaviourists seem to be increasing their focus on automatic-unconscious, cognitive-affective structures in theory and treatment (Young, 1990) Beck (1996) believes that the fight-flight mode involves a whole range of systems in its response; perception of threat (cognitive system), feelings of anxiety or anger (affective system), that motivates the person to act (motivation system), the action itself (behavioural system) and physical mobilisation (physiological system). An orienting schema is activated to trigger off the rest of the sequence and that too rapidly. Therapy aimed at the dysfuntional modes has 3 parts; deactivation, construction of neutralising adaptive modes and changing the structure and content. Beck believes in the third method. Beck’s theory has seen changes but his combination of behavioural and rational intervention persists. Emotion in experiential therapy.            Emotion has always been part of the humanistic or experiential therapy. In the Gestalt therapy, emotion was a vital regulator (Greenberg, 2002). Gestalt therapy may be seen as a form of training in emotional awareness. Blocking was interpreted as fueled by the wish to avoid painful or unwanted emotion. Feeling, in the client centred therapy, was defined as the union of emotion and cognition which were experienced inseparably. Emotion in the experiential therapy is now understood to be a biologically adaptive, rapid action tendency and a meaning system that provides feedback on the states of body and mind. It forms the basis of an adaptive growth system in the organism (Greenberg, 2002). The process of symbolisation creates conscious meaning.            Greenberg has classified emotion into primary adaptive feelings which provide the information behind the problem, maladaptive emotions which need to be evoked and modified and secondary adaptive emotions which need to be investigated to reach the primary (Greenberg, 2002 ). Cognitive emotion schemes form the personality characteristics. They are focussed upon in therapy. The maladaptive ones are to be changed in therapy (Greenberg, 2002). Theories that have met concurrence among psychotherapists.            There is recognition that emergence of emotion is an important signal that material being discussed is significant to a person’s well-being. The second point is that awareness of emotion and attention to it in therapy are important to access the information in emotion ( Greenberg, 2002).  The third says that desynchronies or incongruence among cognition, emotion and physiology can occur and is pathogenic. The fourth point of agreement says that emotion has to be aroused and processed in therapy to bring about change. The final point of agreement says that it is important to promote emotion regulation and emotional experience. (Greenberg, 2002)            An integrated psychotherapy involves the 3 major change processes: awareness of emotion, regulation of emotional arousal and changing emotion with emotion. Maladaptive emotions are changed by using another maladaptive one. Functional Assessment in a school            Functional assessment has been done to examine the factors related to the challenging behaviours of students. Much literature has been written on this. Whether Functional assessment is sufficient to study the behaviours of schoolchildren who had problems is a question raised by many psychotherapists. Functional assessment is defined as a set of assessment procedures used to identify variables that promote and maintain challenging behaviour and based on this assessment, interventions are then selected to alter some of these variables (Lennox and Miltenberger, 1989). Functional assessment is based on some assumptions a) specific contextual variables are directly related to target behaviour b) these variables are identified by assessing how they trigger and maintain the behaviour c) systematic manipulation of the variables can either reduce the challenging behaviour or support the development of appropriate fuctional skills (Carr and Durand, 1985; Durand and Carr, 1987).            5 reasonable hypotheses for poor academic performance have been discussed a) the student does not want to do work b)the student has not spent enough time on the work c) the student has not had enough help to successfully complete the work d) the student has not had previously to do the work in the requested manner. e) the work is too hard for the student. If the function of the difficulty is identified, matching interventions can be developed. If the child does not want to do the work, incentives may be offered to stimulate him to work (Merrell, 2006)  The various studies that have been conducted appear incomplete in different ways. Only a few studies have examined their usefulness. Most of the study on behaviour was done out of school and not on the pro-social behaviour in school (Ken, Choutka and Sokol, 2002). Only some studies included class adaptive behaviours like on task behaviour and on task compliance Interviews, observation and hypothesis are useful only for ordinary students. For disruptive behavior other methods have to be adopted. Researchers have suggested that the link between the functional assessment and the intervention implemented are not always clear in the research. Only 16 studies had referenced various procedures that were actually used to form hypotheses from which interventions were planned (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). Of the 16, only 5 could actually verify the hypotheses before intervention. The change agents in the literature were the researchers. Very few teachers or peers participated in the implementation of the functional assessment and interventions. All the reviews discovered that the assessments were done outside the students’ classrooms where the problematic behaviours occurred. Also a standard functional assessment has not emerged (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). The natural conclusion was that they were not adequate.            Students with Emotional Behavioural disorders could not be assessed with these used formats. IDEA 1997 which was the legislative impetus for conducting FA in schools did not have the necessary baselines or standard process for this. The reactive policies did not require an assessment unless the child is disruptive or commits an offense. Teachers were lacking the knowledge and skills to perform the functional assessment (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). Originally only individuals identified with severe developmental disabilities (Kahng and Iwata, 1999) had FA. This was conducted in clinical settings. This assessment format was found inadequate for students with lesser disability who lie unnecesarily or indulge in drug abuse or carry weapons or threaten classmates. There has been a general call for appropriate functional assessments to be done differently for normal children, children with mild emotional behavioural disorders and the really disruptive ones. The assessment needs to be done in natural settings (classrooms). Peers or teachers who can assess their own students are the best assessors. Hypotheses are to be derived and the right intervention planned accordingly before it is executed (Stichter and Conroy, 2005)            Structural analysis is the hypotheses driven model that addresses the current challenges (Carr and Carlson, 1993). This method has been successfully used in natural settings with natural change agents to identify instructional variables that contribute to the acquisition of proactive responses as well as specific variables that contribute to problem behaviour. Preventing problem behaviour by supporting instructional and contextual factors that contribute to adaptive behaviour while designing interventions to increase skill acquisition is a practical extension of the functional assessment literature base for students with emotional behavioural disorders (Stichter and Conroy, 2005). Conducting classroom functional assessments will be more reflective of actual activities and naturally occurring environmental variables, providing a clearer assessment of the impact of various change agents. Proposed interventions may be tested in natural settings through implementation of hypotheses to increase adaptive behaviour. The applied nature of the structural analysis helps the teacher see the change in adaptive behaviour (Stichter and Conroy, 2005)            A study conducted by Richard van Acker et al examined the Functional Behaviour Assessments and Behaviour Intervention Plans of current practices developed by school teams in Wisconsin Findings suggested serious flaws (Acker et al, 2005). There was a lack of clarity in the identification of and operational definition of the target behaviour or behaviours under investigation (Acker et al, 2005). There was a failure to identify the efforts taken by the team members to verify the hypothesised function of the behaviour before intervention. Most surprisingly, the team members just neglected their findings on a behaviour when considering the Behaviour intervention plans. Teams with members who had undergone intensive training for the research produced better results. Team based FBA has been found to be a good proposition according to a study by Scott et al, (2005). Emotion focussed therapy Research on couples’ therapy also shows the role of emotional awareness and expression in a satisfying relationship. Expression of underlying attachment-oriented emotions leads to a satisfying marital life in a couple who get the therapy. (Johnson and Greenberg, 1985). Showing more emotional experience in the therapy along with softening of blaming partners, the couple ended up being more satisfied than couples who showed lesser experiencing (Greenberg, Ford, Alden and Johnson, 1993).  Expression of emotion is useful for terminating family conflicts too (Diamond and Liddle, 1996). One study demonstrated that an emotional cycle in the relaxation treatment, increase in arousal, arousal with reflection, more abstract reflection and then relaxation, following one upon the other finally results in a good outcome Mergenthaler, 1996). All personality disorders described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) are considered as disturbances of affect regulation Descriptions have been included about borderline personality disorder where difficulty to control anger is the problem and schizoid disorder where extreme coldness is the problem. Conclusion            Psychotherapy has undergone a major change from the days of the primitive man. The days of chaining to restrict their movements and putting them away in far off institutions have gone. The humanistic approach has given way to the integrated approach which includes functional assessment and the emotion focussed theory. Psychotherapists now vouch for this integrated approach as one. Schoolchildren in the United States have come under the legislative impetus whereby their performance in school is assessed based on their behavioural and emotional functions. The lax manner that was assumed earlier for this assessment has now been flayed. Researchers have advised that the children are assessed no matter whether they are disruptive or not and different techniques used for the normal, those with minimal disorder and those with disruptive behaviour. They have opined that teachers are the best people to assess the children in their own surroundings. Teams which underwent training are also recommended. Another advice is that interventions should only be undertaken after reaching a hypothesis based on the assessment of children. Hopefully functional assessment integrated with emotion focussed therapy will turn out the best assessment after upgrading the assessment procedures. References.            Acker, Richard van et al, 2005, Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2005 (C_ 2005), pp. 35–56, Springer Science and Business Media            Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1–25). New York: Guilford Press.            Carr, E. G., Carlson, Jane I. (1993). Reduction of severe behavior problems in the community using a multicomponent treatment approach. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 157–172.            Carr, E. G., Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Behavioral Education, 18, 111–126.            Durand, V. M., Carr, E. G. (1987). Social influences on â€Å"self-stimulatory†behavior: Analysis and treatment application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 119–132. Existential therapy,     2004,       11/4/08,   http://www.existential-therapy.com/ Louis Hoffman 2004-2006 Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.            Gendlin, E. T. (1962). Experiencing and the creation of meaning: A philosophical and psychological approach to the subjective. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. Gestalt Therapy Overview, Vol 4, No.3, Autumn 2000,    23/11/03,  10/4/08, http://www.g-gej.org/4-3/theoryoverview.html, Gestalt Global Corporation Greenberg, Leslie S.; â€Å"Integrating an emotion focussed approach to treatment into psychotherapy integration†, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 2002, Vol.12, 2, 154-189, Education Publishing Foundation Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., Elliot, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: The moment by moment process.        New York: Guilford Press. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319. Kern, L., Choutka, C. M., Sokol, N. (2002). Assessment-based antecedent interventions used in natural settings to reduce challenging behavior: An analysis of the literature. Education and Treatment of Children, 25, 113–130. LeDoux, J. E. (1996).  â€Å"The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life.†  New York: Simon Schuster. Lennox, D. B., Miltenberger, R. G. (1989). Conducting a functional assessment of problem behavior in applied settings. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 14, 304–311. Kahng, S.W., Iwata, B. (1999). Correspondence between outcomes of brief and extended functional analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32, 149–160. Merrell, Kenneth W., â€Å"School Psychology from the 21st century: Foundations and Practices†, 2006, Guilford Press, US. Pascual-Leone, J. (1991). Emotions, development, and psychotherapy: A dialectical constructivist perspective. In J. Safran L. Greenberg (Eds.), Emotion, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 302–335). New York: Guilford Press.            Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184–256). New York: McGraw-Hill            Scott, Terrance M. et al, Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2005 ( C_ 2005), pp. 57–71, Springer Science and Business Media Stichter, Janine Peck; Conroy, Maureen A., â€Å"Using Structural Analysis in Natural Settings: A Responsive Functional Assessment Strategy, Vol.14, (1), March 2005, Journal of Behavioural Education.            Stolorow, R. D. (1994). The nature and therapeutic action of psychoanalytic interpretation. In R. D. Stolorow, G. E. Atwood, B. Brandschaft (Eds.), The intersubjective perspective (pp. 42–55). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. Van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253–265. Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resources Exchange.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Voltaires Candide as an Attack on Optimism Essay -- Candide essays
Voltaire's Attack on Optimism in Candide    Leibnitz emphasized, in his Discours de Metaphysique (Discourse on Metaphysics) (1686) the role of a benevolent creator. He called the constituent components of the universe monads, and while the philosophy of monads is of little concern to readers of Candide, the conclusion which Leibnitz drew from these monads is crucial to an understanding of optimism.            Leibnitz argued that all of these monads were linked in a complex chain of cause and effect and that this linking had been done by a divine creator as he created the harmonious universe. Since he was benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient, he logically would create the best of all possible worlds. Hence, everything that happens in the universe is part of this greater plan, and thus must be for the best. Humans cannot appreciate how the evils encountered in every day life contribute to the best of universes and universal harmony, but they do, nonetheless.             Optimism was attractive to many because it answered a profound philosophical question that mankind had been grappling with since the beginning of faith: if God is omnipotent and benevolent, then why is there so much evil in the world? Optimism provides an easy way out of this philosophical dilemma: God has made everything for the best, and even though one might experience personal misfortune, God (via your misfortune) is still helping the greater good.             Voltaire's experiences led him to dismiss the idea that this is the best of all possible worlds. Examining the death and destruction, both man-made and natural (including the Lisbon earthquake) Voltaire concluded that everything was not for the best. Bad things do ha... ...e respond, in closing, to his friend the Optimist?  "That is very well put, said Candide, but we must cultivate our garden" (75).  Works Cited and Consulted: Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part IX: The Age of Voltaire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1968. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980. Voltaire's Candide and the Critics. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1996. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1998. Â
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Security Analysis & Portfolio Management
1. Introduction Before Fama and French question it, most business schools taught their student CAPM is the means of describing the relationship between expected return and risk in stocks. In 1992, Fama and French hade a study on stock market decision factors of differences between stock returns, they found the beta (sensitivity to the market return) of the CAPM cannot explain all the differences between the stock returns, and the market value, book value ratio, p/e ratio of listed companies can explain the differences between the stock returns.The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) by Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), Black (1972), believe that stock returns just relative to the risk of the whole stock market. But in fact, only measures the risk cannot explain all the variation in expect returns, the sensitivity to the market return is more complicated. This article will show the different between Capital Asset Pricing Model and Fama & French Model, and the way to analysis the stock ret urn. 2. Comparison of Value versus Growth Stock 2. 1 Value Stock & Growth StockIn this article, the researchers define the value stock as those stocks that have low ratios of book value to market value, the growth stocks as those that have low ratios of book value to market value. 2. 2 Findings of Value versus Growth Stock on Investing Most investors think the growth stocks can bring a better return, because they think those are good company, and the returns will be high. But the researchers find the growth can bring a better return, the value stocks got a high price by the market, which make their returns be low.In fact, the growth stocks have low ratios of book value to market value, it make the growth stocks get good return. 3. Determinants of stock return Fama and French founding that the market risk factor and the value-growth risk factor can explain average return of this set of large international stocks. The market risk factor is the return on an international market portfol io of stocks, and the value-growth factor is the difference between he return on an international portfolio of high book-to-market stocks and the return on an international portfolio of low book-to-market stocks. 4. Capital Asset Pricing Model vs. Fama & French Model 4. 1 CAMP and Its Importance The CAPM is built on a single measure of risk that explains asset returns. The CAPM helps investors determine how much they will earn by taking into account the risk of investments and the time value of money. With higher risk, the investor will want a higher rate of return for his investment.Although most researcher question CAMP, but this model still used widely in investing. Use beta to forecast single stock is different, but the investors still believe that, when the stocks’ portfolio of beta is small, it means the stock change small than the volatility of the market; when the stocks’ portfolio of beta is large, it means the stock change more than the volatility of the mark et. For the fund managers, this is important, they can use the CAMP, and no matter the market price is rising or falling.When the market price is falling, they can invest the portfolio of beta is low, and vice versa. 4. 2 Fama and French Explanation about Stock Return Compared with the CAMP, Fama and French use more complicated way to explain the stock return. They use three risk factors to design a more perfect model. It often used by the finance professionals to explain the risk and return of equity portfolios. In this model, the beta still is the most important risk factors.The second risk factor is the size, it compare the weighted average market value of stocks in the market. Small stocks have a different activity than big stocks in ever market. In the long run, the big stocks have low returns than small stocks. But this return is not free, the small stock have more risk. The third factor is comparing the amount of value stock exposure in relation to the market. In most compani es, the value stock rend have lower earnings growth rates, higher dividends, and higher book-market value.In the long run, the value have higher return. 4. 3 Implications of the Two Models for Investors This tow models had implications for investors, although the CAPM is not accurate,but it still can help people to get investing idea for the market. First of all, the CAPM thinks the market too simple, it only considers the risk, and there are at least two additional dimensions of risk, no matter it is a domestic or international portfolios of stock, it is get rewarded in average returns.Secondly, another implication is that, it makes the investors believe the value stocks have higher returns than growth stocks in markets around the world. Looking at book-to-market equity, Fama and French found that value stocks outperformed growth stocks in 12 of 13 developed countries from 1975 to 1995, and that the difference between average returns on global portfolios of high and low book-to-mar ket stocks was 7. 6 percent per year. Furthermore, when earnings-to-price, cash flow-to-price and dividend-to-price were examined, the value premium continued to be evident.Conclusion Although the CAPM stills an important mean to describe the relationship between expected return and risk in stocks. But CAPM has some serious flaws, especially with the assumptions of the risk-free rate and the market rate. Investors must consider current market conditions before deciding what numbers to use. Additionally, CAPM ignores taxes and transaction costs, lower returns on higher risk and adequate risk measurement. Fama and French think more about the stock return, this model use more risk factors to analysis the change of the stock price.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Person centred planning Essay
It is important that a person is always the centre of planning there decisions and wishes for the future and you should always use a person centred approach when dealing with an individual. For example if a doctor was explaining a course of treatment to a certain individual and you could see that the individual did not understand what the doctor was telling them but the carer assumed it would be OK to let the doctor carry on and just explain the the individual later on. Where in fact you should of stopped to ask that individual if the understood and if not then ask the doctor to explain himself in a different way were they may understand more. This then includes the individual and gives them the ability to ask questions and decided what decisions they may want because they would be in the centre of their own care. If you was to wait until the individual was home to explain what the doctor was saying then they may of made the wrong choices in which path they wanted to go in simply because they did not realise what the doctor was saying and could therefore become distressed by this. For example if the individual was to agree to a type of treatment which goes against there values and beliefs but because the carer did not explain what the doctor meant they may not of known what they were agreeing to. where as by getting the doctor the explain in a understanding form for them means that they could find out all the information they need to make decisions and come away happy knowing that they fully understand what they have chosen to do. This is why person centred planning is so important because it means the individual is in charged of what they want and it makes them less distress knowing that they can make their own choices and they are being listened too and they are valued as a person.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Key Deer essays
Key Deer essays The Key Deer is a small species (in population and in stature) of deer that lives in the Florida Keys. It is in the same family as the Virginia white tailed deer. The Key Deer is about 26 inches tall and weigh an average of about 55 pounds. The males have antlers, and the antlers grow in cycles. They drop their antlers at the beginning of spring, and they grow back by June. The deer feed on indigenous plants including the red mangrove, the black mangrove, and the white mangrove. The Key Deer can drink water with some salt in it, but needs fresh water to survive. Although it seems awkward, the Key Deer is a fairly good swimmer, and at times will swim from key to key. The Key Deer are endangered for two main reasons, the first and most detrimental is the loss of habitat. The Everglades has been cleared away for highways, and other commercial developments, and it has caused a huge drop in the population of Key Deer, among other animals. Another big reason why Key Deer have been disappearing are the highways in southern Florida. You have heard the expression like a deer in headlights, and it is used because when deer see headlights, it freezes. This, although it makes for a good simile, causes a lot of road kill accidents with Key Deer. The National Key Deer Refuge was opened to breed Key Deer, and since its opening, the population has increased by almost %600!!! Also, Ms. Riskin, please make sure that you do not feed any Key Deer, because it causes them to be comfortable around humans, which sounds nice, but it is part of the reason that they hang around near the highway. So, that just about sums it up; thanks for not feeding Key Deer, and keep your foot on those breaks. Key Deer February, 2000 shadow.net/~grgreen/glades/deer.html Kirkpatrick, Charles M. Deer The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume D, 1986 ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Summary of the Mansabdari System †History Essay
Summary of the Mansabdari System – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Summary of the Mansabdari System History Essay The Mansabdari system was common throughout the rest of Asia, but was introduced to India by Akbar. Nobles of the Mughal Empire were awarded ranks or mansabs. The way someone would attain ranks or mansabs by the Akbar would be by supplying cavalry to the Mughal Empire. Ranks were directed related to how many horses were offered, from 10-10,000. The higher the rank received the better. There were also two parallel hierarchies, one with civil responsibilities and one with military. Each having checks on one another. Nobles were also given the right to collect taxes of the region they were put in charge of by the Mughal Empire. Research Papers on Summary of the Mansabdari System - History EssayBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West Meet
Sunday, October 20, 2019
6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons)
6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons) 6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons) When you’re studying for class or a test, you need the perfect environment to make sure you don’t get distracted. Everyone is different in this respect, but generally your place of study should be quiet and uncluttered, with easy access to everything you need for revising. The best spot for you will thus depend on your personal requirements, but in this post we offer a quick rundown of some of your options for places to study†¦ The Library The classic first stop for the studiously-inclined, public and campus libraries are designed to offer all the amenities you could possibly desire while studying. Pros: Lots of books; free internet; helpful librarians; enforced quietness Cons: Can involve a manic scramble for work space; people making out in the reference section; slight danger of encountering ghosts Dorm Room If you can’t find space at the library, working from your dorm room is a viable alternative (as long as your roommate will leave you alone for long enough). Pros: Familiar environment; easy access to your own books; freedom to snack Cons: Easy to get distracted; noisy roommates; proximity to bed makes napping tempting Someone Else’s House Ideally this should be someone you know and you should ask first, otherwise you may be committing a felony. Pros: Fewer home distractions; availability of â€Å"study buddy†to keep you on track; someone to make coffee for you Cons: Have to coordinate with study buddy; might have to make coffee for someone else Coffee Shops These days, coffee shops are always packed with students, aspiring writers, jobbing actors and generally bohemian types. Admittedly, most of them are there working part-time as baristas, but coffee shops are also a good place to go and study. Pros: Peaceful place to sit for hours reading/writing; free Wi-Fi; definitely won’t have to make your own coffee Cons: Can get expensive without loyalty card; busy during peak hours; strong possibility of developing caffeine addiction The Park Thanks to e-readers, smartphones and roaming internet connections, studying outdoors has never been easier! Just remember to check the weather forecast before heading outside†¦ Pros: Fresh air; easy to find a quiet spot away from other people; ambient birdsong Cons: Chance of rain; insect bites; lack of electrical outlets; may get disturbed by errant joggers Outer Space If all else fails in your quest for a peaceful spot away from the hustle and bustle of modern life, you can always commandeer a rocket ship and leave the Earth altogether. Pros: Definitely quiet; good view Cons: Rocket fuel expensive; majesty of the universe can become distracting Are there any good places to study weve forgotten? Or do you think going to space is impractical? If so, let us know in the comments!
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Employment Law- Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace Research Paper
Employment Law- Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Sexual orientation or sexual preference was a topic that many people avoided for fear of retaliation. Employers do not have the right to discriminate against an individual based on his sexual orientation or preference. Who a person is involved with should not have any bearing on qualifications or work ethics. Literature review According to irem.org (2007), as of July 2007, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was prohibited in the states of California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, and New York, and the states where discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was not prohibited included Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, and Oklahoma. In Colorado, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was not prohib ited until August, 2007. In the states of Alaska, Delaware, and Indiana, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was only prohibited in the state employment whereas in the states of Louisiana and Montana, protection was only offered to the public employees. Likewise, as of July 2007, discrimination on the basis of gender identity was prohibited in the states of California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New Mexico whereas it was not prohibited in the states of Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, and Oklahoma. In Colorado, discrimination on the basis of gender identity was prohibited in August 2007 whereas in Indiana, protection was only offered to the state employees. This analysis suggests that in discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is not prohibited in the majority of states in the US. Twenty states in the US along with Washington, D.C. have enforced the anti-discrimination laws that prohibit any kinds of discriminatory practices on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation. The first state in the US that enacted the anti-discrimination law was Wisconsin in the year 1982. Since 2002, seven states in the US have enforced similar laws. The Iowa Civil Rights Act was modified around the end of May, 2007, â€Å"when the Governor signed S.F. 427 into law making it illegal to discriminate in employment, public accommodation, credit, housing, and education based on a person's sexual orientation or gender identity†(irem.org, 2007, p. 2). Oregon’s governor made the legislation part of the law on 9 May 2007, according to which discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation as banned. According to Lambda Legal (2013), 49.97 per cent of the gay, lesbian, and bisexu al adults in the US live in states with anti-discriminatory laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation in numerous sectors including housing, employment, and the public accommodations. This percentage excludes the population of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults that are residents of the cities with ordinances that prohibit the discrimination on
Ohio White-Tailed Deer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Ohio White-Tailed Deer - Essay Example While the deer are viewed as a trophy animal, as the herd expands it exploits the agricultural areas and is often considered a nuisance as it destroys crops, gardens, and ornamental landscaping. In addition, they are seen as a road hazard on many of Ohio's rural roadways. Effective hunting management of the Ohio White-Tailed Deer population is the result of an in-depth understanding of the deer's requirements for space, food, cover, and water, as well as the impact that the deer has on the existing ecosystem. The White-Tailed Deer have populated Ohio since the Ice Age, though the herd was nearly decimated by over-hunting in the early 20th century. Today the deer population is in excess of 700,000 and is controlled through a regulated deer-hunting season (Hunt, 2008). Deer density varies around the state based on the available habitat and runs from 5 per square mile in the heavily farmed and treeless areas to 45 per square mile in the areas that are heavily wooded (Golowenski, 2007). Deer damage agriculture by eating the young soybean plants, foraging on young fruit trees, and feeding on tree farms. Agricultural damage from deer has been estimated at $25 million annually in Ohio, and a study at Cornell University places the value at $1.1 billion nationally (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, n.d.; Golowenski, 2007). However, deer hunting generates $266 million in revenue in Ohio alone. Whether the deer is considered an aesthetic and economic treasure, or a menace to civilization depend s on whom in Ohio you ask. While the agricultural losses are significant, only a small percentage of the farmers surveyed indicated that they would like to see a reduction in herd size. As with all other organisms, the White-Tailed Deer have specific requirements for food, space, cover, water, and environmental limits. Limiting any one of these factors will reduce the herd's size and quality. The deer are herbivores that usually feed nocturnally on "leaves, twigs, fruits and nuts, grass, corn, alfalfa, and even lichens and other fungi" (White-tail deer, 2009). Herd size and herd quality will be dependent on the available food, but this mechanism has little if any impact in areas that are rich with grass and grain crops. Herbaceous weeds, broadleaf flowering plants, and woody vegetation such as fruit trees, shrubs, and vines make up 95 percent of the deer's diet (The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2008). The
Friday, October 18, 2019
Eng lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Eng lit - Essay Example The attempt to "absorb America" that Deveare speaks of is perhaps impossible because of the sheer range of peoples, experiences and ideas that exist within it. But perhaps that very impossibility is an example of the success of the project. Thus is a person thinks that they have encapsulated the American experience and can hold it all within their viewpoint, they are bound to be excluding some groups and ideas that are not easy to absorb. A true absorbing of what it means to "be" American will involve a dizzying mixture of experiences which will overwhelm any one individual. The through-line which holds these selections together is the fact, paradoxically, that they are so different from one another. They hold a commonality of difference. But that difference is perhaps the best descriptor of the genuine American experience. "I sit down to write something of the life and character of Joaquin Murieta, a man as remarkable in the annals of crime as any of the renowned robbers of the Old or New World, who have preceded him." (p.1) The idea that a Mexican could be as "renowned" in anything as a white man, even in the dubious distinction of being an outlaw, was novel at the time this account was written. In many ways Ridge's account of the actions of Murieta contributed to the outlaw bandit image of the border states more than anything else. There is something Romantic to this hero, something which has remained to the present day. "I do this not for the purpose of contributing to any depraved taste for the dark and horrible in human action, but rather to contribute my mite to those materials out of which the early history of California shall one day be composed." Of course this appeal to "depraved tasted" is precisely what Ridge is doing. This quotation is useful because the legend and myths of such outlaws are as much a part of early American history as any of the lives of politicians. The mythology of the west is as important as the reality, indeed, it becomes part of the reality whether it is true or not. Harte, The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Writings "There was commotion in Roaring Camp. It could not have been a fight, for in 1850 that was not novel enough to have called together the entire settlement. The ditches and claims were not only deserted, but "Tuttle's grocery" had contributed its gamblers, who, it will be remembered, calmly continued their game the day that French Pete and Kanaka Joe shot each other to death over the bar in the front room." (p.1) The myth of the violence of the American West, like many national myths, is based at least partly upon reality. This memorable opening shows the innate humor that could be gained from a community that is so violent that it barely notices two men shooting each other to death in a bar. In one sense, this quotation supports the great Hollywood Western myth that the whole of the West was made up of lawless towns in which coffins for the day's shooting deaths were lined up every day. "The assemblage numbered about a hundred men. One or two of these were actual fugitives from justice, some were criminal, and all were reckless. Physically they exhibited no indication of their past lives and character. The greatest scamp had a Raphael face, with a profusion of blonde
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Healthcare Program Essay
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Healthcare Program - Essay Example The initial base of finance sprung up from this partnership, which saw the ensuring of approximately thirty thousand people. In the year 1949, a charter got administered to the company for the provision of doctor’s services on the platform of a nonprofit grouping. By the onset of the year, 1955 insurance services had covered a wide span and ensured the uptake of both medical and home insurance services throughout America. After Greenville, BlueCross repositioned to Columbia in the year 1957. On the onset of Medicare, which is a federal insurance service that cares for individuals, suffering various disabilities and senior societal members BlueCross got endorsement nomination by hospitals. The nomination was for the handling of hospital plan in the first phase of the Medicare stipulations. Enactment of Medicare Medicaid in the 1960’s saw the selection of BlueCross and BlueShield by the administration to provide Medicare program. The 1973 Healthcare Maintenance Organizati on Act intensified market competition allowing BlueShield to emphasize more on quality provision and accountability. This led to the improvement of efficiencies on healthcare money expenditure.In the 1970’s the organization premiered new benefits for holding down expenses. Expenses got held down by providing plans that ensured the wellbeing of the customers was improved. In the following year, the two companies merged to become one organization.Gapenski (2003) writes that for the second phase of the Medicare program.
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Stratigiec planning in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the Essay
Stratigiec planning in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the theory and practice of strategic planning for Tourism) - Essay Example Despite this slump, the WTO still forecasts arrivals to reach 1.65 billion by 2020. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the contribution of the travel and tourism to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expected to grow US$10.478 billion by 2019 (2009). In order to achieve optimum growth in tourism, a crucial plan must be developed and henceforth be implemented. There are numerous approaches to tourism planning as stated by Getz (1986) are boosterism, economic, physical / spatial, community. While Edgell, Allen, Smith & Swanson (2008) argues that â€Å"One popular tourism planning mechanism is ‘strategic planning’, a framework designed to provide direction for any tourism organisation or destination with the emphasis on quality, efficiency and effectiveness†Consequently, this research aims to analyse and focus on tourism strategic planning and its importance, evaluate the strategic process and practices of the current time, layout the various stakeholde rs and the level of participation of each in strategic planning, establish the relationship of marketing to strategic planning through the analysis of case studies and previous inputs. 1.1 Literature Review The tourism sector entails extensive and detailed planning and coordination. According to Stynes and Halloran, â€Å"it should be comprehensive in such a way that it takes into account resources available to tourism in its entirety, organizations, markets, programs within a region and consider the economic, environmental, social and institutional aspects of tourism development (1987a).†Tourism planning has developed from two interrelated but diverse sets of planning beliefs and methodologies. The first is that tourism is one of many activities in a subject that must be regarded as part of physical, environmental, social and economic forecasting. The degree by which tourism is addressed in such plans depends upon its comparative significance to the community or area and ho w responsive it is to tourism-related activities. Likewise, it can be perceived as a business wherein the community or region opts to engage in planning to include feasibility, marketing, promotions product development and forecasting. A comprehensive approach combines a strategic marketing scheme with conventional planning efforts to create a balance between the needs and wants of tourism and that of local residents. GUNN (1979) With the growth of tourism, the market has become both complex and challenging so it has become imperative for stakeholders to meet the escalating demands of tourists who travel and spend their holidays in resorts, hotels and leisure destinations for more efficient world-class standards in accommodations, amenities and transportation. Important considerations include the concept of new tourism which Poon explains as having gone through intense transformation in terms of new consumers, novel technologies and forms of production, management styles and prevail ing circumstances (1993). Fayos-Sola mentions that new tourism is distinguished by the super-segmentation of demand, flexibility of supply and distribution and achieving profitability through diagonal integration and subsequent system
Marketing Business Plan for Soy Protein Assignment
Marketing Business Plan for Soy Protein - Assignment Example HANGES MADE] 14 Part VI: Marketing Mix [CHANGES MADE] 15 Reference 17 Appendix A 20 Executive Summary 2 Part II: Marketing Plan 5 Business Review 5 Scope 5 Strength 5 Weakness 5 Opportunity 6 Threat 6 Product and Market Review 6 Analysis of the Product 6 Sales Trends for the Product 6 Consumer Behavior Trends 7 Pricing and Distribution 7 Competitive Review 7 Target Market Effectors 8 Target Market 8 Target Market Awareness 8 Target Market Attitude 8 Part III: Marketing Analysis: Market Characteristics/Trends 10 Market segment 10 Market trends 10 Market type 10 Product knowledge 11 Sales area 11 Part IV: Marketing Analysis: Competition 12 Part V: Target Market [CHANGES MADE] 14 Part VI: Marketing Mix [CHANGES MADE] 15 Reference 17 Appendix A 20 Part II: Marketing Plan Business Review Scope The scope of this project is to create a marketing plan of Soy Protein in the United States of America and thereby capturing a decent market share and increasing its sales volume by 10% in USA. The project thereby endeavors to understand the potential strengths and weaknesses of the product which should be managed to gain advantage of the different opportunities and counter threats in the external market. Changes in desires and tastes of the target market and action of the competitors are studied in order to modify the product features so as to match the needs of the people. Strength Soy Protein has found increased use in regards to women in offering them large number of benefits across different stages of their life. It helps to improve the dietary and cardio-vascular positions of the women. Further the intake of Soy Protein has helped them in countering the effects of menopause and helps to prevent cancer and obesity related diseases (Montgomery, 2003, p.44). Weakness The product... The paper talks about the Soy Protein, a vegetable protein mainly found in Soybeans. This protein acts as a potential substitute to the intake of animal proteins. This leguminous product is free of cholesterol and has low fat content. Further the product is composed of amino acids and different minerals with Vitamin B. it also has good fiber content. In United States the Soy Protein market depicts huge marketing and sales volume. The sales trend measurement for the 2004 period shows that the market grew to around 4.1 billion. This growth trend reflects a 5 percent growth from the previous year. While Soy Proteins is recognized as a healthy diet supplement to animal proteins, some consumers acceptance of Soy Proteins is limited due to its unfavorable taste and and the lack of proper knowledge of the product. Children are found not to favor the intake of Soy Proteins owing to unfavorable tastes. However the women and old age population also fail to intake needed quantities of Soy Prote ins owing to unavailability of proper knowledge as to the varities available. In terms of pricing the Soy Protein products help in providing the consumers affordable healthy food items in comparison to animal proteins. The pricing of such food products are conducted based on stability parameters so as to avoid price fluctuations. Distribution parameters in regards to Soy Protein products earns effectiveness owing to the different types of production processes leading to the production of natural and synthetic soy protein in large volumes.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Stratigiec planning in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the Essay
Stratigiec planning in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the theory and practice of strategic planning for Tourism) - Essay Example Despite this slump, the WTO still forecasts arrivals to reach 1.65 billion by 2020. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the contribution of the travel and tourism to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is expected to grow US$10.478 billion by 2019 (2009). In order to achieve optimum growth in tourism, a crucial plan must be developed and henceforth be implemented. There are numerous approaches to tourism planning as stated by Getz (1986) are boosterism, economic, physical / spatial, community. While Edgell, Allen, Smith & Swanson (2008) argues that â€Å"One popular tourism planning mechanism is ‘strategic planning’, a framework designed to provide direction for any tourism organisation or destination with the emphasis on quality, efficiency and effectiveness†Consequently, this research aims to analyse and focus on tourism strategic planning and its importance, evaluate the strategic process and practices of the current time, layout the various stakeholde rs and the level of participation of each in strategic planning, establish the relationship of marketing to strategic planning through the analysis of case studies and previous inputs. 1.1 Literature Review The tourism sector entails extensive and detailed planning and coordination. According to Stynes and Halloran, â€Å"it should be comprehensive in such a way that it takes into account resources available to tourism in its entirety, organizations, markets, programs within a region and consider the economic, environmental, social and institutional aspects of tourism development (1987a).†Tourism planning has developed from two interrelated but diverse sets of planning beliefs and methodologies. The first is that tourism is one of many activities in a subject that must be regarded as part of physical, environmental, social and economic forecasting. The degree by which tourism is addressed in such plans depends upon its comparative significance to the community or area and ho w responsive it is to tourism-related activities. Likewise, it can be perceived as a business wherein the community or region opts to engage in planning to include feasibility, marketing, promotions product development and forecasting. A comprehensive approach combines a strategic marketing scheme with conventional planning efforts to create a balance between the needs and wants of tourism and that of local residents. GUNN (1979) With the growth of tourism, the market has become both complex and challenging so it has become imperative for stakeholders to meet the escalating demands of tourists who travel and spend their holidays in resorts, hotels and leisure destinations for more efficient world-class standards in accommodations, amenities and transportation. Important considerations include the concept of new tourism which Poon explains as having gone through intense transformation in terms of new consumers, novel technologies and forms of production, management styles and prevail ing circumstances (1993). Fayos-Sola mentions that new tourism is distinguished by the super-segmentation of demand, flexibility of supply and distribution and achieving profitability through diagonal integration and subsequent system
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Cyber search Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Cyber search - Assignment Example Assignments are also forwarded through a portal which is inbuilt inside the application. The teacher can then modify their instructions to meet the student’s individual needs.one can also organize important documents and customize it to fit in all classrooms needs. This application makes students better educators because it is perfect for busy teachers, it will allow me to track students’ achievements quickly and easily. Teachers use a different mode of teaching when dealing with special education students. This is to make sure that the students are deprived the right to education. In case of deaf students, the teachers may use gesture to deliver the massage and educate the students. Teachers use braille and assist students in the learning activities Special students share some similarities, in a class one may find all of the students suffer from one disability; therefore it becomes hard for them to assist each other. On the other hand, you might find a class with extremely quick learners while still in the same class there are slow learners when it comes to the mastering of gestures and the braille language making it difficult for some students to communicate. . There are similarities between general and special students. Both groups of students need to work together and how to avoid discrimination among themselves (Foreman, 2009). The special students sometimes have adverse emotions having a mentality that they are discriminated by the entire society. They have different interests in life which they would like to accomplish. When addressing the needs of cultural diverse and the second language learners we have to consider about their back ground, this is to make sure there is a smooth transition as there are in a process of learning the new culture and language. Various procedures can be used to increase awareness in students by having motivational talks, it
Monday, October 14, 2019
Leading & Managing People - Expatriate Essay Example for Free
Leading Managing People Expatriate Essay Multinational firms throughout the world are increasingly concerned about hiring, developing and retaining managers with international experience and global perspectives†quoted by Briscoe and Schuler in 2004. This report will be focusing on variety of issues relating to Human Resource implications which faced by the expatriate working in MNC located in Malaysia as well as Malaysian working in overseas. The extraction will be from the most recent newspaper, journal and articles relating to the following topics in human resource management. 1) Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy 2) Training and development for cross-cultural 3) Performance appraisal for expatriate The expatriation was subjugated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. 3. 0 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Expatriate facade many new challenges both in the workplace and the community. For instance, culture shock differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesick, housing, schooling, language, customs, cost of living and coping with his/her spouse’s problems of adapting to new environment. According to Stone(2008), research indicates that a manager’s inability to adapt or their partner’s inability to adapt is the major cause of expatriate failure. Harvey(1983) cited the consequence include premature return from a foreign posting and high resignation rates, with expatriates leaving their company at about twice the rate of domestic managements. Tung (1987) expounded the three main reasons contributing to the failure of expatriates in US MNC is as follows:- * the inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment; * the manager’s inability to adapt to a different physical or cultural environment; * other family-related problems. One study by International Orientation Resources, an HRM consulting firm, found that 60 percent of expatriate failures occur due to these three reasons too(Solomon,1994). Besides the above mentioned reasons, include inappropriate selection practices, inadequate preparation and training as well as the stresses associated with expatriation which identified by New Zealand research (Enderwick and Hodgson, 1993). Another critical reason is the cross-cultural communications can be a struggle for the international manager. Gestures, facial expressions, behaviour and words can have different meanings and connotations. China, Korea and Japanese have high-context cultures where considerable importance is given to non-verbal and situational cues. In contrast, Australia, Canada, the US and Britain have low-context cultures where what is said is what it meant(Stone,2008). In contrast, some Malaysians who work aboard feel that the grass is greener on the other side. In Appendix A, this article highlighted the reasons why some Malaysian prefer to remain overseas. Due to higher paid, to widen their horizons, the prestige of working in a foreign company and the quality of life is unbeatable. The expatriate is unable to adapt in the foreign environment due to lack of cultural skills. According to HRM consulting firm, this is because the expatriate selection process at many organisations is essentially flawed (Solomon, 2000). Expatriates failed because these three focal reasons which mentioned by Tung that have not been part of the selection process. The underlying message was that the family is the basic unit of expatriation, not the individual. The MNC needs to look into this matter seriously in order to reduce expatriate failure. 3. 2 Training and development for cross-cultural Many companies including MNC have been ignored on providing training for employees whether local or global organisations. MNC recruits expatriate based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria and assumed the expatriate is able to adapt in the country where he was posted. MNC should not take them for granted. They should be pre-prepared by providing orientation, training on the cultural, language and living skill in the host country. Shown in Appendix D, expatriate reports interviewed an expatriate working in Nanchang, China on how significant was the culture shock he experienced when he moved abroad? He replied that quite significant and hard to adapt to the Chinese food and people spitting on the streets. Certainly, at the initial stage every expatriate will face cultural shock difference which may lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Then directly he will be unproductive, inefficiency and faces expatriate failure. The MNC has to recruit a new manager to replace him which will be time consuming and have to repeat the process of selection and hiring. The MNC requires the expatriate to train the local employees in the host-country by transferring his knowledge and skills to them so that they are able to be independent and step into the positions/responsibilities within the shortest possible time. The article in Appendix B highlighted Malaysia government will review the education system to produce talent needed for an advanced nation and also perks to lure home highly skilled Malaysians (brain drain) and retain global talent to develop a quality workforce. Even our government recognise the essential of education/training to develop our highly skilled employees that are not only vital to the companies but also making the nation into globally competitive and transforming it as the high-income economy for instance Singapore, HK and Shanghai. 3. Performance appraisal for expatriate Stone (2008) cited that performance appraisal is a matter of serious concern for many expatriates. This is because performance appraisal is often handled badly. Companies fail to take into account the added complexities that come with international appraisals. Key issues involving performance expectations, performance measures and who will be responsible for the conduct of the appraisals are left vague or undecided. Worse, some head office managers ignore the international appraisal and do not incorporate it into the career development process. The end result is that expatriates perceive the appraisal process as unfair and as a source of never-ending frustration. Groeschi (2003) quotes that a number of comparative international and cross-cultural management research projects have concluded that HRM is influenced by culture. He also highlighted the same HRM policy is likely to be attributed quite different meanings by different cultural groups for instance performance appraisal. An organisation’s performance appraisal systems are an important element of its control systems, which is a central component of organisation architecture (see Figure 1 as below). In many international companies, the thorny issue is how best to evaluate the performance of expatriate managers (Hill, 2009). During the appraisal evaluation for the expatriate, there are two groups who evaluate the performance of expatriate managers. They are host-nation manager and home-office managers whom are subject to bias. The host-nation managers may be biased by their own cultural frame of reference and expectations. On the other hand, home-country mangers’ appraisals may be biased by distance and by their own lack of experience working abroad. Home-office managers often not aware of what is going on in a foreign operation and they tend to rely on hard data in evaluating an expatriate’s performance, such as the productivity, revenues, profitability or market share which reflect factors outside the expatriate’s control. Due to such biases, many expatriate managers believe that headquarters management evaluates them unfairly and does not fully appreciate the value of their skills and experience. It also one of the reasons many of them believe a foreign posting does not benefit their careers (Hill, 2009). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION 4. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Managing a MNC provides a diversity of challenges which the crucial one will be how the parent-company will recruit potential expatriate to manage their off-shore operations affiliates/subsidiaries. Selection of the expatriate must be right at the first time although time and resources consuming in reviewing and evaluating all the potential candidates follow by filtering them. The expatriate should not be selected based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria. Expatriate failure in many cases is the result of a lack of personal adjustment rather than a lack of technical skills. Harvey (1997) cited furthermore, research shows that in many companies expatriate selection is often haphazard and irrational. Organisations need to understand that in choosing expatriates, they should take into account differences in the business, social and cultural environment in the specific country and the impact on the potential expatriate, spouse and dependants (Stone, 2008). Stone’s (1991) study found that both local managers and expatriate managers perceive the essential selection criteria as the expatriate’s ability to adapt and the adaptability of the partner and family. 4. Training and management development for cross-cultural According to Hill (2009), superior performance requires not only strategy must also be supported by the right organisation architecture. Strategy is implemented through organisation. In Figure 1, people are the linchpin of a firm’s organisation architecture. For a firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings. Those people must be trained appropriately so they have the skill sets required to perform their jobs effectively and so they behave in a manner that is congruent with the desired culture of the firm. The following trainings are recommended for MNCs’ expatriates:- * Cross-Culture Training prior to departure The purpose of this training allows individuals to more rapidly adjust to the new culture before departing to host-country, and therefore, to be more effective in their new roles (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). It has been widely recognised for more than 20 years that the partners and children of expatriates play an important role in contributing to the success of expatriate assignments (Fukuda and Chu, 1994; Rahim, 1983) Cultural, Language and Practical(Living Skill) trainings * These trainings are helping to control and reduce expatriate failures. There is no question that comprehensive cultural training can have many benefits for MNCs. For starters, it can help orient and develop expatriates to better communicate, understand, and work effectively with people from different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Comprehending and valuing cultural differences can al so help expatriates in the effective management of multi-cultural teams. Understanding global markets, customers, suppliers, and competitors is another indirect benefit. Pragmatically, cultural training can have a positive impact on combating very expensive expatriate failure (Luthans, 2002). Their spouse adaption problem, it is important that the spouse and the whole family to be included in this training * Language training usually conducted in host-country’s language. When the expatriate willing to communicate in the host-country language(even not fluent), can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. * Benefit of practical training in helping the expatriate manager and family ease themselves into daily life in the host country. The expatriate community group can be a great source of support and information sharing in helping the expatriate’s family adapt to a foreign culture. 4. 3 Performance appraisal for expatriate To overcome the expatriate’s frustration and problems, the HR manager needs to ensure that the following key issues are clarified before the expatriate begins an overseas assignment:- * What are the organisation’s performance expectations? * What criteria and standards will be used to measure performance? * Who will conduct the evaluation – a local manager, a head office manager or both? * What will be the frequency of the appraisals? What consideration will be given to local environmental influence? (for example, volatility of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, availability of skilled labour, political instability, corruption and so on) * Is the appraisal positively incorporated into the career development process? * Are head office managers cognisant of the local business environment? * Are there any cultural influences that may distort the measurement of the expatriate’s performance? In order to overcome the biases of the two groups who evaluate the expatriate managers’ performance, it is recommended to implement 360-degree feedback.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
From Paleolithic to the Modern World :: World History
From Paleolithic to the Modern World Before the existence of an advanced civilization many steps of evolution is required. The complex human society is one of the best examples there is. For example the revolutionary steps from the Paleolithic and the Neolithic to the Modern World is filled with wonder and awe. However, the ascents involved is not that extraordinary; if it is being closely observed. Foremost, the Nomadic People of the Paleolithic Age depends heavily on the moving herds of animals for food and sometimes even clothing. Therefore, nomads of Paleolithic Age follow their preys and move with them as the various animals migrates as the season changes through out the year. Even though the nomads' food source was usually abundant and finding of shelters were not much of a problem, but the ongoing journeys with the hunted animals provides little security against several other different big game predators, that preys upon both men and the animals nomads travel with. The harsh environment nomads face gradually forced them to discover a much easier lifestyle. And that began the age of Neolithic or the New Stone Age. During the New Stone age people started to settle down and build their own shelters instead of dwelling in caves. Also the once nomads learned how to grow their own food. As a result population grew as life became easier and more bearable. The result of the population growth directly affected the early people in many ways. One of them is that due to scarce food during the nomadic period, clans had to dispatch extra members when it reach to a certain number. However, with the much more settled society be rid of extra members is no longer necessary. Therefore, more manual labors were available when needed. As the early people learned how to adapt and modify to the environment that they lived in, more advanced settlements began to emerge.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Jean Paul Marat: Target and Martyr of Liberty Essay -- Jean Paul Marat
Jean Paul Marat: Target and Martyr of Liberty The French Revolution produced countless influential politicians throughout its tumultuous course. As a political figure in the French Revolution, Jean Paul Marat began as a nonentity and became a martyr to the revolutionary patriots of France. His influence is often misconstrued, and sometimes overlooked. Although he was not a political leader like Robespierre, his influence was substantial in that he motivated many people through his writings and powerful personality. Through his involvement with the Cordeliers’ Club and his journal Ami du peuple, started September 1789, Marat was able to express the indignation of the bourgeois class through his hopes for social revolution. His conspiracy theories and alleged prophetic outlook on the Revolution created an aura of mystery and intrigue around him, as well as detestation. Because he often stood alone behind his radical ideas, Marat became marked as the scapegoat for various controversial events of the period, and was se veral times forced into hiding to evade the law. Targeting Marat was an easy and effective way for the warring factions in the National Convention to assert their political dominance. It is curious how a virtual unknown and newcomer to government could become so crucial to the politics of the French Revolution, only to be murdered by another unknown in a seemingly isolated event. Marat’s assassination played a great part in what became the cycle of the Terror. Even though he was not a preeminent leader, both his life and death had an impact on the course of the Revolution. Because of his incendiary political beliefs and bold nature, the government targeted Marat, however, his assassination by the outsid... ...manities Press, 1997. Germani, Ian. Jean Paul Marat: Hero and Anti-hero of the French Revolution. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992. Gottschalk, Louis R. Jean Paul Marat: A Study in Radicalism. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1927. Gough, Hugh. The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution. London: Routledge, 1988. Marat, Jean Paul. Polish Letters. Bibliophile Society, 1905. Miller, Stephen. Three Deaths and Enlightenment Thought. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2001. Popkin, Jeremy D. Revolutionary News: The Press in France 1789-1799. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990. Scherr, Marie. Charlotte Corday and Certain Men of the Revolutionary Torment. New York: AMS Press, 1929. Sydenham, M.J. The Girondins. London: The Athlone Press, 1961. Walzer, Michael. Regicide and Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Friday, October 11, 2019
A Dolls house Language Essay
Ever since reading the text in my own time I have, in many of my past lessons been discussing, acting and re-reading parts of the play as well as researching many other aspects to the play. By doing this I discovered things like the play was firstly written in Norwegian and then translated into many languages along with many more complex things. Back in lessons I was doing tasks that specifically looked at the language in the play. For example before rein acting a scene from the play the whole class gathered in a circle to do a warm up exercise which evolved around the line; â€Å"What did you do to die today at a minute or two to two, a thing distinctly hard to say but a harder thing to do†. I had to say this line in many different accents and characters including a posh upper class character like Nora and Torvold Helmer from the play. The language used in the play not only creates the feel of the 19th century but it also reflects the way the characters are. It does this as the 19th century old English is very formal showing there middle to higher class and well educated. The language also shows the society that the characters live in and is significant as it reveals their inner thoughts, feelings relationships and situations. In one particular part of the play Torvold says: â€Å"You can’t deny it, little Nora now can you? It’s a sweet little songbird but it gets through a terrible amount of money you wouldn’t believe how much it costs a man when he’s got a little songbird like you†This rather poetic and metaphoric line compares Nora to a songbird which is petit and shows she can be sweet, innocent and chirpy. It also echo’s how Torvold belittles Nora and treats her like a child, which in them days was the done thing; men overpowering women and controlling the relationship in addition to this it perhaps shows how he has a fatherly figure and likes to take control over situations. Although in saying that Nora is or should I say acts rather childlike and naive herself but at the same time is manipulative, flirtatious and cunning as it proves on the opening line of the play; â€Å"Hide that Christmas tree away, Helen. The children mustn’t see it before I’ve decorated it this evening†As well as giving the audience a rough date and establishing shot it shows how Nora seems just as excited about Christmas as the children do. In most houses the children would be helping to set up the Christmas tree but not in the Helmer household Nora is setting up the tree and rather excited about it too. There is some reference to poetry in the text although it is not the rhyming type, it’s more a usage of poetic words being exchanged. Like in the first quote I made there are countless uses of words like â€Å"songbird†and â€Å"squirrel†being used to describe Nora as well as Torvold (in some parts of the play). There is another quote in Act 1 on page 25 where Nora has just gone out and bought some new things for the family, which Torvold is unhappy about as she has spent so much money which makes Nora unhappy too, it says; â€Å"Now, now! My little songbird mustn’t droop her wings. What’s this? Is little squirrel sulking? (takes out his purse) Nora; guess what I’ve got here! This quote to me shows how he just keeps Nora sweet but does not go out of his reach to keep her happy. Also the use of poetic words is very creative and wise it is saying to Nora do not loose hope or become sad. But it says this in a metaphoric way as Nora does not really have wings but a songbird does and this is what Nora is often compared to by Torvold. The majority of the speech used throughout the play is natural from all of the characters as the play itself is done rather realistically and flows well. There are very rare if any uses of Brectian techniques to break any language or any part of the play up for example; there are no placards to make a particular line stand out, this is probably as each line is just as important as the one before. Even though there is reference to use of poetic language I think it gives the play even more of a realistic effect as people do have little pet names for there husband and wife. In addition to this Henrik Ibsen goes that step further and creates for each character there own realm of speech as a quote from the Methuen Student notes verifies: â€Å"Ibsen creates for each character a habit of speech appropriate to his or her own class and personality†With Torvold he is spoken with a rather fatherly/paternal type of speech, Krogstad he always reflects to his training as a lawyer, Mrs Linde speaks direct and could appear a bit bitter and cold, Nora is excitable but finds resolve at the end of the play and Dr Rank speaks in riddles and fondness of using figures of speech. Over all this coursework has made me realise how important the lines actually are in a play and how important it is to deliver them correctly. As well as consistency when delivering the lines in a certain way the character must keep delivering them in that way. I personally believe that this may enhance my skills as a yr 12 drama student.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Review Of Research Articles About Second Language Acquisition Education Essay
Below are 10 research articles and surveies that address issue we have discussed in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition for pupils that are English Language scholars. At the beginning of the class we discussed instructors ‘ prejudices and their deficiency of appropriate preparation and instruction in learning ELL that can impact pupils that are ELL. These abstracts validate that there is a job with prejudice. We have besides discussed the function of cultural and socioeconomics and how it affects the success of SLA. During this hunt, I noticed several articles turn toing different ways to turn to this issue. The running subject I have noticed is that there is no cosmopolitan and accurate attack to learning pupils who are ELL. There are many variables involved in each academic state of affairs. Students ‘ demands for larning 2nd linguistic communication are every bit single as each pupil. The attack for SLA depends on linguistic communication acquisition for the native linguistic communication ; socioeconomics, cultural issues, and if there are linguistic communication holds in the native linguistic communication.Gunderson, A L..A ( 2008 ) . The State of the Art of Secondary ESL Teaching andLearning.A Journal of Adolescent & A ; Adult Literacy, A 52 ( 3 ) , A 184-188.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 1601681651 ) .The 1968 Bilingual Education Act specified that pupils who â€Å" come from environments where a linguistic communication other than English has had a important impact on their degree of English linguistic communication proficie ncy ; and who, by ground thereof, have sufficient trouble speech production, reading, composing, or understanding the English linguistic communication †should be provided with bilingual plans ( Bilingual Education Act, 1968 ) . Students who were Spanish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, or Punjabi talkers had higher disappearing rates and lower classs in academic categories than Chinese talkers because there were differences in socioeconomic position and households ‘ abilities to scaffold their kids ‘s instruction when school plans failed to make so. It seems that the same amazing finding and intent could be focused on detecting how scientific discipline, math, societal surveies, and English instructors can learn successfully in schoolrooms that include increasing Numberss of ESL pupils. As we have learned in some of our treatment stations, we need to turn to all facets of our pupils ‘ backgrounds when learning a SLA. Culture and socioeconomics is an of import portion of this. The fact that there is a dropout rate for pupils of different cultural backgrounds shows that pedagogues are non implementing cultural sensitiveness and consciousness as portion of their direction. There can non be a cooky cutter attack to learning linguistic communication to changing civilizations.Nykiel-Herbert, A B..A ( 2010 ) . IRAQI REFUGEE Students: From a Collection of Aliens to a Community of Learners.A Multicultural Education, A 17 ( 3 ) , A 2-14.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Multicultural Module. ( Document ID: A 2176089481 ) .Systematic observations of kids of assorted cultural groups in their schoolrooms and communities ( Au, 1980 ; Delpit, 1996 ; Gibson, 1982 ; Philips, 1983 ) constantly demonstrate that kids perform better academically if the civilization of their schoo lrooms, including outlooks of appropriate behaviour and instructional schemes, reflect the civilization of their places. The topics of the survey are 12 refugee kids from Iraq in classs 3 through 5 ( ages 8 through 11 ) in an Upstate New York urban school, in mainstream schoolrooms, pulled out for 50-60 proceedingss of ELL instructions. After 12 to 18 months at the school, many of the Iraqi pupils in center and higher classs were hardly at the emergent degree of literacy acquisition The research workers created a separate, self-contained schoolroom for the low-performing Iraqi pupils. The Edison narrative confirms what some earlier surveies of minority pupil groups have demonstrated, viz. that â€Å" pupils ‘ public presentation in school is straight affected by the relationship between the cultural forms supported by the school and those adhered to by the pupils There were those that were opposed to the self-contained schoolroom for the Iraqi kids. They did non desire to make an ambiance of â€Å" separate †or â€Å" segregated †. This can be a valid point in some state of affairss. However, pupils had trouble with acclimatizing to their new milieus. When they were in their self-contained unit, issues that were impacting them specifically could be addressed while they were being surrounded by a group of equals that came from the same emotional and physical topographic point. They were comfy in a cultural scene that was familiar to them while larning their new linguistic communication and acclimating, with their equals, to their new location.DelliCarpini, A M..A ( 2010 ) . Success with ELLs.A English Journal, A 99 ( 4 ) , A 102-104.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1972796791 )Form a collaborative, interdisciplinary squad that would be after and develop an incorporate course of study th at built accomplishments and met criterions for both academic topics and the Career Development and Occupational Studies criterions developed by the New York State Department of Education. Students who participated in the eight-week faculties engaged in a assortment of reliable authorship undertakings, acquired information on US markets, and studied concern history in the United States, planetary markets, supply and demand, resume authorship, communicating accomplishments, and choosing a concern that will win in a given market and economic clime. The importance of turn toing post-secondary ends and accomplishments when learning a 2nd linguistic communication is an of import portion of SLA. As discussed in one of our faculties, motive plays a cardinal factor. Students are more invested in their acquisition when they see a existent life application that is of import to their personal ends.Rodriguez, A D. , A Ringler, A M. , A O'Neal, A D. , A & A ; A Bunn, A K..A ( 2009 ) . English Language Learners ‘Percepts of School Environment.A Journal of Research in Childhood Education, A 23 ( 4 ) , A 513-526.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1807801991 ) .This survey investigated the perceptual experiences of 123 pupils ( 57 monolingual and 66 English linguistic communication scholars [ ELLs ] ) from a rural public simple school in North Carolina with regard to school clime, course of study and direction, extracurricular activities, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. With regard to teacher readying, Smith-Davis ( 2004 ) argued that instructors are non adequately prepared to assist ELLs make their maximal academic potency. The research workers visited the school 16 times over a six-month period in order to roll up the information. During the interviews with the bilingual and monolingual pupils, the research workers followed a modified version of the questionnaire protocol titled â€Å" Measuring success in ESL plans, †which was originally authored by Carrasquillo and Rodriguez ( 1998 ) although the informations reveal basically no differences in school clime, during the interview, several pupils reported that they were punished if they spoke in their native linguistic communication. After questioning a sum of 123 pupils in kindergarten through Grade 5, the chief determination of this survey is that the perceptual experiences of simple ELLs and monolingual scholars in a peculiar rural school in North Carolina were strikingly similar. the monolingual pupils in all classs besides have less self-esteem than the ELLs at all degrees, kindergarten through class 5. This is one school that evidently had a really strong ESOL plan in topographic point. Students did non detect any differences in course of study or extracurricular activities. This shows that instructors were supplying the same degree of challenge in all scenes. The survey would hold been more interesting if they used the questionnaires in three or four different schools with different socioeconomics and diverse backgrounds. North Carolina seems to be on the film editing border when it comes to ESE plans. The universities seem to make much research with RTI, ESE and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brice, A A. , A Shaunessy, A E. , A Hughes, A C. , A McHatton, A P. , A & A ; A Ratliff, A M..A ( 2008, A October ) . What Language Discourse Tells Us About Bilingual Adolescents: A Study of Students in Gifted Programs and Students in General Education Programs.A Journal for the Education of the Gifted, A 32 ( 1 ) , A 7-33,139-141.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID: A 1574104461 The intent of this survey was to analyze pupil discourse between bilingual pupils in talented plans and bilingual pupils in the general instruction plans in an urban in-between school. This survey suggests a minor linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. The overall decision seems to bespeak that bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involves many variables and that the relationships are non needfully direct. Participants were 16 pupils served in public in-between school ( grades 6-8 ) in one of the largest urban school territories in the southeasterly United States. In amount, the grounds from this survey suggests assorted support for the three research inquiries and a little linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. Bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involve many variables ) . It appears that an apprehension of bilingualism and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition would be good for gifted and general instruction instructors. Some surveies seem to province the obvious. It would look that a talented pupil would hold an advantage in any regular or ESE scene. I agree that preparation for instructors who teach general instruction and talented plan should hold cognition of SLA. Students with disablements are in the chief watercourse schoolrooms much more than in the yesteryear. It is of import for ALL instructors to understand facets of SLA and ESE instruction.Meisel, A J..A ( 2007 ) . The weaker linguistic communication in early kid bilingualism: Geting a firstlinguistic communication as a 2nd linguistic communication? A Applied Psycholinguistics, A 28 ( 3 ) , A 495.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 1289045851 ) .Past research demonstrates that first linguistic communication ( L1 ) -like competency in each linguistic communication can be attained in coincident acquisition of bilingualism by mere exposure to the mark languages. The inquiry is whether this is besides true fo r the â€Å" weaker †linguistic communication ( WL ) . The WL hypothesis claims that the WL differs basically from monolingual L1 and balanced bilingual L1 and resembles 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. In this article, these claims are put to a trial by analysing â€Å" unusual †buildings in WLs, perchance bespeaking acquisition failure, and by describing on analyses of the usage of Gallic by bilinguals whose dominant linguistic communication is German. The available grounds does non warrant the claim that WLs resemble L2. Alternatively, it shows that WL development can be delayed, but does non propose acquisition failure. Finally, reduced input is improbable to do acquisition failure. The cardinal issue at interest is to research the bounds of the human linguistic communication devising capacity. I believe this addresses BICS and CALP. Reduced input is improbable to do acquisition. However increased end product is really built-in portion of linguistic communication acquisition. If you do n't utilize it, you lose it. This besides reminds me of a survey in one of the treatment posts that discusses simplifying linguistic communication while pupils learn to cut down their defeat degree. Joko Kusmanto, A & A ; A Anni Holila Pulungan.A ( 2003 ) . The Acquisition of English Negation ‘No ‘ and ‘Not ‘ : Evidences from an Indonesian Child in Non-Native Parents Bilingual Program.A K @ Ta, A 5 ( 1 ) , A 41.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID: A 967696001 ) . Every kid is born with an unconditioned gift by which ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) acquisition is possible. This position emphasizes the function of cosmopolitan belongingss every kid is born with to get ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) . This paper presents the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid brought up in Indonesian – English Non-native Parents Bilingual Program ( NPBP ) . The analysis is directed to uncover the form of ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ usage as the grounds that a kid still acquires a targeted linguistic communication despite the hapless targeted linguistic communication input s/he is exposed to. The consequence of the analysis shows that the acquisition of English negation ‘no ‘ and ‘not ‘ by an Indonesian kid in Indonesian – English NPBP besides has a form which falls into syntactic, semantic, and matter-of-fact instances. To some extent, it supp orts Universal Grammar frame, but there are some which provide new penetrations on this issue. The two pupils in are data analysis in faculty 5.2 both had negation issues. One had L1 that was Spanish and another had L1 that was Chinese. This kid is Indonesian. This seems to back up the research that a targeted linguistic communication can still be learned due to cosmopolitan grammar frame. The pupils understand the basic rule of negation. They may be non be puting no and non in the right order. However, they understand the basic rule regardless of their native linguistic communication.Stanley I Greenspan.A ( 2001, A November ) . Working with the bilingual kid who has alinguistic communication delay.A Scholastic Early Childhood Today, A 16 ( 3 ) , A 28-30.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children ‘s Module. ( Document ID: A 85642407 ) .Greenspan discusses what a instructor should make if she suspects that a bilingual preschool pupil has a linguistic communication hold. The first measure should be to find if the linguistic communication hold is merely in the 2nd linguist ic communication, or if it is present in both linguistic communications. It ‘s really of import for kids who have linguistic communication holds, but are otherwise synergistic, to be in scenes with other kids who are communicative. The beat of interaction is critical for linguistic communication development, so it ‘s really of import for the kid to hold communicative and verbal equals. What we want is interaction, interaction, interaction! I am used to working with pupils that are speech-language impaired. However, I ne'er think of this in footings of pupils who may be SLA. The instructor in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Unit has a new pupil from Mexico who has no linguistic communication. She did non travel to school in Mexico. She knows no mark at all, no reading, etc in her native linguistic communication. As a adolescent, she is larning linguistic communication for the first clip. Students in my unit who are speech-language impaired have made important betterments in linguistic communication by patterning their equals and their instructor. Obviously, their linguistic communication would non hold the same betterments if they did non hold any interaction with persons ( instructor and/or equals ) that interacted with them on a day-to-day footing.Mary Ann Zehr.A ( 2010, A October ) . Boston Settles With Federal Officials in ELL InvestigationA : District Agrees to Retest 7,000 Students ‘ English Skills.A Education Week, A 30 ( 7 ) , A 10.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 2171700391 ) .Carol Johnson, the schools overseer in Boston, where 28 per centum of the territory ‘s 56,000 pupils are ELLs, said in an interview that the system has been seeking for a twelvemonth to convey its schools into conformity with federal civil rights jurisprudence. The attempt has involved developing some 2,000 instructors in how to work with English-learners, retesting the English accomplishments of 7,000 pupils, and mapping programs to speed up the acquisition of ELLs who should hold received services before but did n't. A study last twelvemonth by the Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, found the territory was n't decently measuring and placing many pupils as ELLs. In May 2009, the territory hired Ms. De Los Reyes and tasked her with turn toing the deficiency of services to ELLs cite d in the 2008 province reappraisal. She said the colony resulted from a strong coaction with the Justice and Education sections. I find this interesting that pupils were non being decently assessed as ELL. These pupils were taking their standardised trials I the mainstream and non in their native linguistic communication. Students were in the schoolroom. However, I ‘m inquiring if some of these schools had ESOL plans or they were trusting on untrained instructors to turn to the educational demands of the pupils that were ELL. If instructors are non trained in ELL or ESE, they may non be cognizant of the regulations on standardised testing for pupils who were SLA. They should reexamine the deficiency of services and the deficiency of instruction for instructors to supply services to pupils that are ELL.Huang, A J. , A & A ; A Brown, A K..A ( 2009 ) . Cultural FACTORS AFFECTING CHINESE ESL STUDENTS ‘ ACADEMIC LEARNING.A Education, A 129 ( 4 ) , A 643-653.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID: A 1800962381 ) .Confucianism meets Constructivism in North American univers ities and our schoolrooms are neglecting to run into the educational outlooks of Chinese pupils. Specifically, pupils from the People ‘s Republic of China mentioned six countries where they feel uncomfortableness: ( a ) They feel uncomfortable with the schoolroom behaviour of North American pupils. ( B ) They question the value of a professorial focal point on treatment instead than talk. ( degree Celsius ) They query the professor ‘s failure to follow the text edition. ( vitamin D ) They feel there is excessively much accent on group work. ( e ) They note a deficiency of talk sum-ups along with an evident deficiency of organisation. ( f ) They portion on common involvements ( e.g. athleticss, faith ) with their North American opposite numbers. This paper discusses the cultural factors that affect Chinese pupils ‘ academic acquisition at North American universities. It besides provides deductions for North American professors. This is more interesting research on how civilization affects pupils ‘ positions towards linguistic communication acquisition. In one treatment station, the issue of motive and how the pupils ‘ positions of the people and civilization for SLA affects their motive to larn. The Chinese pupils did non understand certain cultural facets and behaviour of North American pupils. Hidden course of study is an of import facet to include when learning a new linguistic communication to non-native born pupils.
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