Background Of Nike Inc Commerce Essay

Background Of Nike Inc Commerce EssayThis report is to identify and analyze as strong evaluate Business ethics of Nike, Inc. Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. payable to the volume and the market expanded for the carrefours, Nike need to source for multiple manufacturers in dissimilar country in any toldege to support its production. Herein, we result analyze estimable issues and dilemmas that Nikes International business operation had faced age manufacturing its verticals in foreign lands. in that location argon three ethical dilemmas been criticized towards Nike sweatshop issue, child fatigue issue and discrimination issue. Be kind faces that, we also get out evaluate the ways Nike has dealt with those dilemmas. Nike had do six promises or possible actions to deal with their sweatshop and child lying-in issue, whereas requital is utilize to solve the employees discrimination issue. This report as surface covers the ethical best coiffes and values of Nike Inc. Nikes corporate hearty responsibilities and corporate governance will be discussed in details in value to evaluate the best practices and values that Nike had practiced.1.1 Background of Nike, Inc.Nike, Inc. is a worldwide American corporation, which focus in design, development, worldwide marketing and selling sports product. It was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports, and officially cognise as Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. Nike is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area, United States. As of year 2012, Nike employed much than 44,000 people worldwide with an excess of US$24.1 million in its fiscal year 2012 (ending May 31, 2012). Nikes brand alone is valued at US$10.7 billion making it the most valuable brand among other sports businesses (http//nikeinc.com/pages/history-heritage).2.0 Nikes Ethical DilemmasNike has been acc pulmonary tuberculosisd for several ethical issues in ontogene sis and under developed economies, at sweatshops, hired child advertize, and discrimination, which adjoined their stakeholders. check to Freeman (1984), stakeholder is referring to any(prenominal) group or individual that can affect or is affected by how organisations carry its objectives (Crane and Matten, 2007). In order to reduce the impact to the stakeholders, Nike had tried to stratum correction and unexclusive relations as a measure to salvage the painful image generated by the accusation.According to Crane and Matten (2007), ethic is defined as pertaining or dealing with the study of morality and the reason that apply to elucidate specific rules and principles that de depotine the secureness and wrongness for certain follow up and the goodness and the roguishness of the motives for that short letter or action. In this reports, three major ethical dilemmas will be analyze, child tire out, sweatshops issue, discrimination issues.2.1 Sweatshop / Poor Conditions of Wo rking EnvironmentSweatshop also been known as sweat factory is refer to any wee-weeing environment that is considered and negatively involved in poor, unacceptably difficult or dangerous situation that can harm the employees. Sweatshop workers worked for long hours and some clock exceeding 14 hours daily with a pay below living wage. Nike were attacked for unethically took advantage of these labour markets. However, Nike has denied this bring many times, and expressed that they did non have any control over the factories. Nike factories in Vietnam, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and china been criticized collectable to the negative press are exposed to the habitual which been revealed from the interviews of factory workers interview, site visits and the protest by activist which showed is Nikes fault for allowing poor condition of working conditions are persist in these factories. According to ABC News, April 2010 in Vietnam, thousands of Nike factory workers went on strike due to p oor working conditions and low contend. Beside that, workers were unable to leave the plant if they did not meet the quota or target sooner attempting to go home. All these showed Nike seriously committed to the violation of charitable rights. Thuyen Nguyen part of the Vietnam Labour Watch wrote one extreme situation documented in 1996, when one hundred workers were squeeze kneel in the sun for an hour because one of the workers had spilled fruit on the alter. According to Vietnam Nike Fact Sheet (1996), 15 Vietnamese women workers told CBS News that they were pip over the head by their executive program due to poor sewing. Two workers were sent to the hospital after(prenominal) the incident. Nikes CEO Phil Knight respond to above deuce incidents by minimized the first incident, stating incorrectly there were totally one worker was truck on the arm. similarly that, fact tag end as nearly stated there were 45 women workers were forced by the Nike supervisors to kneel down with their hands up in the air for 25 minutes. Apart from that, Vietnam fact sheet as substantially stated that, Women workers form Nike factory told CBS News that they are forced to work overtime to meet a daily target which is behave unrealistically high. Most workers at Vietnam Nike plants are forced to work exceeded 600 hours of overtime per year, and according to Vietnam Labour Law Article 69, the labour user and labourer are allow to work overtime, but it is strangle to not more than than four hours a day and not more than 200 hours per year. Nike factories in Vietnam are blank violation of this Article. In Vietnam case, workers are treated slavery, there are only 24 hours in a day but they have to spend 16 hours or more at work in order to keep a job, it is a complete denial of a right to life, or in other words is a human rights violation. Another case happened in International Womens Day of 1997, 56 women failed to wear the proper shoes into the Nike factory. In order to let they learn from their mistake through punishment, they were forced outside in the heat to run around the building. As a result of the punishment, many women fainted due to dehydration and spent the day in the hospital. This entire incident stated above was the physical abuse towards the workers.It is an embarrassment for Nike to have its image associated with sweatshops in Asia, the revelations is menace to the gross sales of Nikes products. Sales were declining and Nike was being claimed by the media as a company who was willing to exploit workers and deprive them of the basic wage needed to sustain them in an effort in order to expand profits.2.2 Child Labour IssueAnother ethical major issue is child labour. Nike was labelled as forced children as slavery in hazardous working conditions for below-subsistence wages (Hill, 2009). According to Hill (2009), Nike was found for producing the popular Air Jordan sneakers using 11-year olds in Indonesia making 14 cents per hour. According to Hill (2009), a Nike factory which owed by Korean Subcontractor, hired children as young as 13 years old as workers for earning less(prenominal) than 10 cents per hour were requisite to work up to 17 hours a day without talking.Child labour is scattered all over Pakistan, but the greatest impact was on a north-western province called Sialkot. Sialkot is an important centre for the production of goods for export, especially sporting goods. Child labour exists in both the export and home(prenominal) sectors of the economy in Sialkot. In Pakistan, livelihood is difficult and many families had to push their children to employment.In year 1996, Life Magazine report an article regarding the child labour in Nike Pakistan, this is when Nike was found hired children as their labour. The article included a photograph showed twelve years old boy, called Tariq was surrounded by the Nike soccer ball, which he spent most of a day to stitching together for the pay of 60 cents. When t his photograph was exposed, activists all across Canada and United States were standing in face of Nike shop by holding up Tariqs photograph to pressure Nike to solve the problem. This had caused Nike faced ethical issue about its labour practice abroad, and as well faced to humankind relations impact which adversely affect their composition and image. (http//www1.american.edu/ted/nike.htm).Nike factory in Pakistan, child labours were using in the production of soccer balls, more than 200 children some of which are as young as 4 or 5, involved in the process (Sengel, 2005). Children stitch soccer ball for only 60 cents an hour. According to 1.american.edu, Nikes entered in to the Pakistan markets was part of its long term strategic planning. Nike went into Pakistan, with having full knowledge of the favourable conditions prevailing in terms of child labour and has taken no precautions to prevent the use of child labour in the production of its soccer balls. Instead Nike has made a profit from their Pakistans contractor who has used bonded child labour in the production process. According to a Foulball campaign report, Nike has refused twice to have a check in their Saga-managed centre in Pakistan while conversely Nikes rival Reebok subscribe toily granted access to its Moltex-managed centre in Pakistan (http//www1.american.edu/ted/nike.htm). Several rumours come out regarding this matter, it let government have no election to pressure Nike to look into and solve this problem.According to Teds case studies (1999), in Indonesian a 12 years old girl was working 70 hours a week, in an unhealthy environment plant making shoes for Nike. Nike is profiting from the cheap labour cost of production, due to the contracted factory is employing children to make the product. Nike ignored the laws that protect the workers in prefer of cutting costs and lowering health standards. According to Csar Rodrguez (2005), political leaders were bribed by factory supervisors in o rder to limit governmental interference. The leaders passed the messages to military and police units to overlook the conditions in factories so that the illegal environment could remain open and functioning. Leaders also were warned to watch for the signs of labour activists near the factories to prevent workers from aligning with activists for best conditions.2.3 Discrimination IssueThere was a court case on Nike discrimination issue in 2003 in Chicago. According to Barbara Rose the reporter to Chicago Tribune, 2003, this dilemma happened obviously, Nike Chicago was not complying with their matter of respect policy under the Nike engrave of ethics. Nike prohibited discrimination and torment to happen, in order to prevent these situation happens, Nike adds employees with an effective complaint process. But, this court case has clearly showed that, there are not all the Nikes store is complying with their rule of Ethics.The plaintiffs of the case stated that African-American em ployees claimed that they are being segregated for poor treatment. The employees were alleged that Chicagos Nike had involved in discrimination issue that Nike segregated African-Americans into lower compensable jobs much(prenominal) as stockroom or cashier positions. Besides that, African-Americans as well do not have opportunity to get promotion to sales position by failing to post job openings. Nike s store supervisor are only hired African-American into part-time rather than the regular positions that can received better benefits, for example health insurance and paid vacation, this condition of employment is vary than Caucasian staff. Caucasian staff was hired as full time staff which means they can get all the benefits of the company. Apart from this, African-American employees are subjected to searches when leaving the store, while Caucasian employees were free from such searches. According to the suit, work rules and regulations regarding attendance, sick leave and emplo yee discounts also were unequally utilize.The area of the complaint is clear stated that this discrimination is the caused a hostile work environment. Nike Chicagos supervisor was not complying with the Nike code of ethics, under matter of respect policy. This dilemma leads to racial discrimination, which pressure the employee to sound out their rights by putting court case against Nike. Due to this is a sensitive issue, Nike was under the government pressure to settle this court case as fast as they could.3.0 Action Taken By Nike to choose with Ethical DilemmasEthical dilemmas faced by Nike is adversely impact their reputation and image. When reputation drop, sales as well will drop, due to customer will no longer confidence to Nikes products, and this will lead to financial impact to Nike. In order to overcome and solve to the ethical dilemmas that Nike had committed, Nike has come out the action to deal with the ethical dilemmas.3.1 Ways Deal With SweatshopAccording to the anal ysis in 2.1, Nike overseas contracted their works to foreign companies and therefore not under their work out supervision. However, when news about the harsh conditions was being revealed, actions were taken against Nike. According Global Exchange (2001), six promises were made by Nikes President, Phil Knight and Nike factories throughout the world were infallible to obey the rules (http//www.squidoo.com/nike-sweatshop-allegations). The first initiative is stop using the harmful chemical adhesive called toluene. Nike found toluene caused harmful effects to workers who are not mighty guarded by wearing masks or gloves to prevent the poison and the fumes that it emits. To respond to this critic, Nike was able to give water-based adhesive athletic shoes, which has no such side effects. By this creation, Nike managed to establish a positive air quality control model for their competitors. Phil Knight also assured that Nike would continue with its research and ensure all Nike factori es met United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards in indoor air quality. In order to assure this requirement, Nike stated that indoor air interrogatory of all footwear factories and follow-up testing were need to conduct when necessary. These tests would be a climax in the final report that made by self-employed person non-government organization (NGO). Nike were given three months of improvement or correction on the air quality levels from the date of the final report were made.Nike responded to the child labour ethical dilemma by practising the second initiative. Nike raised the minimum age of all footwear factories to 18 years old and raised the minimum age of do and equipment factories to 16 years old. Phil Knight reported that Nike has zero tolerance for underage labour, and there has never been a time in Nikes history where child labour has been a problem, as well that it really hasnt been a problem in the shoe industry as a whole (http//w ww.stanford.edu).In the third initiative, Nike is recognized the need for the independent monitoring of the manufacturing facilities. The monitoring system is a very important initiative in the meantime it established a means of public accountability. By referring to immediately launching a structured monitoring system, Nike was implying that their current working conditions are sufficient. This initiative was improving and avoids the sweatshop condition which occurred in Nikes factories. By utilize this monitoring system, any of poor condition of working environment detected efficiently and the period take to solve the problem is shortened. Referring to 2.1 sweatshop issue which happened in Vietnam , 2003, this initiative proficient by Nike factory and solve the sweatshop issue by paying the average wage of $54 a month it is a three times the minimum for a state-owned enterprise. Nike job provide the benefit with a regular wage, with free or subsidised meals, free medical servic es and training as well as education. Better working conditions and higher pay lead the economic productivity been improved. According to Jakarta post (2011), Nike as well developing programs to train factorys manager cultural sensitivity as well as their leadership skills. To avoid any abusive treatment cases happen again, Nikes headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon has invested heavily in training managers and more closely monitoring their activities in the Nikes factories (Wright.S, 2011).The fourth and fifth initiatives are to improve and making positive constituent or offering benefits to employees. These initiatives are improving the Nike poor working conditions and child labour issue. Nike offered an educational program in the factories including middle and high school equivalency credit line accessibility, as well as free class during non-working hours for all workers in Nike footwear factories. In these Initiatives, Nikes factories are encouraged to raise the pay of employees who complete the programme. Besides that, in Nikes fifth initiative, small business loan program provide funds to support thousand families each in the nations of Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Thailand. This program provides loans to women who wish to create small businesses and as well support those unemployed women who can run small businesses that increase their familys economic well-being as well as subsidize to the unions overall development are the effort of this program. When the economics of families is increased, children will not need to work to earn living wage, therefore they can have better education.Finally, the sixth initiative is to support the independent research by sponsoring the university research or open forums to explore issues related to global manufacturing and reasonable business practices (Tim.c, 2001). Sponsorship made by Nike could increase their reputation and good image it can be a method to release positive press which can please the public and stakeholders, so that the negative issue will be forgotten.By introducing and applying the six initiatives, Nike is practising descriptive stakeholder theory in their action taken. Descriptive stakeholder theory is defined as a company is trying to find out whether and how company actually do take into account stakeholder affair (Crane and Matten, 2007). From the six initiatives applied, Nike attempting to please their stakeholder by applying these initiatives, and it as well as guidelines to their management. Improvement can be seen, criticisms from the public is successful responded by these initiatives. Poor condition of working environment is closely monitored, low wages been raised, child labours been solved by providing benefits to employees, when a family income increased, children are not needed to work in order to earn living wage. Nike is aware to the ethical dilemmas they faced, and certainly precaution is developed to avoid such criticisms occur again.3.2 CompensationTh e conclusion by paying compensation to the workers is one of the actions taken by Nike to solve their bad image that created to the public, they hope that by this case been settled, and the reputation of Nike could be increase.Nike has denied the accusation of discrimination issue in court. However, Nike settled the lawsuit by paying compensation amounted US $7.6 million. In addition, the settlement called to appoint a diversity consultant to ensure Nike Chicago complied with the consent decree. (David.S, 2007). Nike agreed in the settlement to improve their work force more tolerant and more diversity. For example Nikes store in Chicago would need to have diversity consultant and all their supervisors and managers are required to train in diversity (Sachdev.A, 2007). By the agreement which Nike promised in the settlement, the discrimination issue and their business ethics been closely monitored. As a result, Nike can practised business ethically and convinced publics to trust their products again.4.0 Nike Best Practices and ValuesEven though Nike have ethical dilemmas issue, but they all the while have practice their best practices and values in order to keep their corporate operating in good faith and as well provide positive component to the stakeholders and society. It is a duty for a corporation to contribute to society, best practices can in the form of charity, donation, sponsorship, and so on. With best practices, values can be added into the corporations reputation and image it can increase the confidence and maintain the loyalty of the stakeholders toward the corporation.4.1 Corporate Social ResponsibilitiesCorporate well-disposed responsibilities (CSR) are the policy of the company itself to conduct social activities, such as donation, charity, sponsorship, community appointment, and protect of environment, to benefits their stakeholders. It is a process that a company makes positive contribution and impacts to the society to form a long term inv estment in a safer, better educated, more fairness community, which can create beneficial and stable circumstances to do business for the corporation (Crane and Matten, 2007).According to Nike annual report 2009, Nike is committed to CSR, they are driven to do not only is required by the law, but also what is expected of a leader. gratuity is one of the Nikes compassion toward the society. Nike donated USD $1 million to the Lance Armstrong Foudation (LAF) on May 17, 2004. LAF and Nike were together launched the campaign of Wear Yellow Live Strong, to raise fund for LAFs business support, education, public health and also their research Programs. Nike donations had led LAFs fund raised to additional millions of dollars through the sale of yellow wristbands. As of October 28, 2004, there are more than 20 million of wristbands being sold, this efforts benefits the LAF programs to help the people who living with cancer. Nike continued this contribution by carried out by selling the LI VESTRONG wristband in all the Nike stores and outlets.According to Crane and Matten, 2007, corporate social responsibility is differentiated into four aspects economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Nike is apply to philanthropic responsibilities by improving the education programs for the society community who with low income families. In April 2004, Nike is committed to Head Start, a National School Readiness Program that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition and the services of parent involvement to the low income children and families. The contribution of USD $ 5.2 million from Nike has help Head Start Programs to provide a total of 2102 computers to reach thousands of kids and their families. Besides that, on Dec 14, 2004, Nike launched NikeGO Afterschool program associated with turn on (Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids), this programs brings physical activity which including training and education plan. Nike as well donated the Ni ke products of equipment kits and other facilities to children age five to fourteen of the program. In order to expand the benefit to more community, Nike also launch the programs in a total of 42 sites in United States (http//www.knowmore.org).From Nike Sustainability report, Nike is trying to do their best in practice in how to doing the right thing and just and fair to all. When natural disaster happened, Nike expressed their sympathy by the helping communities who are affected by disaster with funding and product donations, in order to immediately replace what had been lost. However, Nike found that by donation, they did not always meet the needs of those affected at the right time or in the right ways. Nike had refine their approach, and they found that by supporting NGO partners, such as Mercy Corps and caveat (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere), during the immediately consequences of a disaster through donation and supporting by Nikes employees who wanted to c ontribute to help the disaster victims. Nike as well concentrate in using the power of sport to assist young people who affected by natural disasters to overcome with the trauma of losing loved ones, their homes, their properties and sometimes even their communities. Moving Forward Program is created By Nike and NGO partners to overcome and help communities rebuild after the natural disaster. This program provided tools to teachers, trainers and parent to assist callowness post-disaster through well-designed sports activities and counselling courses. This program as well has been implemented in many communities around the world, such as Japan, China, Peru and Haiti. Nike is so passionate about the impact of the program and its adaptability that Nike has made it available online for any community or organization to practice. Besides that, Nikes employees who volunteer to involve in assisting to rebuild schools and community centres. For example, the earthquake happened in Haiti, Jan uary 2010, there are more than 1600 of Nike employees had made personal donations which totalled more than USD $170,000, after combined with Nike donation, the total of Haiti disaster relief was USD $450,000. Beside of this case, for Japan Tsunami in 2011, Nike had contributed USD$1 million in cash and product in value of USD $250,000 to relief and rebuilding efforts to the disaster victims.From the CSR had done by Nike, Nike is applied to the Ethics of Duties. Ethics of Duties is defined as values judge by the morality issue no matter who is involved or profits and who is harmed by the principles (Crane and Matten, 2007). It is concerned with what people do, but not based on the consequences of their actions. Nike practiced CSR in their corporation is because there are doing the right thing, and also because its the right thing to do. Nike justify that CSR is an action by presentation that it produced good consequences.4.1 Corporate GovernanceNike has made a commitment to improvin g business ethics by adhering to a formula of Ethics, which is a set of guidelines for worker health and safety, environmental responsibility, fair employment, and non-discrimination. Nike code of ethics for employees is called Inside the Lines it is about the standards of conduct that Nike expect of all their employees. Nikes employees are required to verify that they have read and understand Inside the Lines annually (www.nikeresponsibility.com, 2011).Nike had set a global toll- free Alert Line for employees to report any suspected violations of the law or their code of ethics, all the details of the employees are confidential, this as well called as Whistle Blowing Act. Reported are not limited to any of the concerns around accounting, auditing or familiar control are communicated to the Boards audit committee, which appropriate action is determined. This act is encouraged employee to be responsible to the company, by concern and aware what is actually happening in the company, and spelt out to the alert line in order to points out the violations, so that company will grow better and practised business ethics. Nike required the work-related activities of every employee must reflect the standards of honesty, loyalty, trustworthiness, fairness, and concern for others and responsibility. Nike expected employees to be sensitive to any situations that can badly impact Nikes reputation and are expected to use wise judgment and rationale in the way conduct business. This Code of Ethics applies to Nike itself and its worldwide subsidiaries (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011).In Nike code of ethics, they are committed to socially responsible practices they are driven to do not only what is required by law, but also what is expected of a leader. Same expectations are applied towards all their business partners. Nike code of ethics covers contractors who manufacture Nike product. This code requires Nike partners management practices to respect the labour and employment righ ts of all employees, to minimize the impact on the environment, provide a safe and healthy work place, and promote the health and benefits of all employees. It is a responsibility for Nike team member to compliance with the Nike code of ethics (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011).From the code of export and import laws, Nikes policy is to comply with United States Anti-boycott laws. This law is intended to avoid Nike from participate in any action to support of a boycott imposed by one country upon a country that is friendly to U.S. This is strictly prohibited in Nike, Inc (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011).In the code of date of interest, Nike stated bribery and corruption is prohibited. A conflict of interest will rise when Nikes employee using Nikes reputation or name to gain personal interest from or to the companies that is doing business with Nike, this will results bribery or corruption. Employee not allows taking the opportunities to benefits themselves or others, and as well employees are never should compete with Nike. This code is defend Nike to involve in bribery and corruption case which can adversely impact Nikes reputation and image. This code as well shown Nike make business decision with honesty and integrity, and they are considering their corporate objectives by right things and fairness is practiced by Nike to run their business (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011).In order to practice right and justness in Nike business, Nike set policy to compete fairly and must comply with antitrust and competition laws in everywhere they do business. All product development must meet business ethical standards (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011). Nike will not tolerate retaliation against to the employees who failure to comply with the Nike code of ethics. Any employees who been reported for suspected in violation of law or policy, investigation will be conducted. Appropriate action will be taken by Nike after the investigation to prevent future violations. Besides that, refer to lo cal law or violation of the code of ethics, action taken might lead to line of employment. Waiver of provision of the Nike code of ethics can only be made by the Board of Directors. It is only will be promptly let out to shareholders when required (Nike Code of Ethics, 2011).From the above code of ethics that Nike implemented, Nike obviously is practicing the ethics of right and justice. Ethics right and Justice is define as the natural rights, such as human rights, company rights, property rights and etc, that should be respected and protected in every single action (Crane Matten, 2007). By adhering code of ethics, Nike is practiced rights and justice for human rights (employee) and as well company rights (Nike itself). By conducting the code of ethics, Nike not only protects their rights as a corporation, but as well they respected the human rights of their employees. Nike treats all the employees and contractor as a whole, no one have extra benefits or extra authority, no matt er who commit violations, action will be taken by Nike against the violations.5.0 ConclusionBusiness ethics is very important to a corporation. By conducting ethical business, Nike will have avoided the ethical dilemmas which adversely impact to their image and reputation. When there is no ethical dilemma, then there will no compensation to be made, which will impact the Nikes financial performance. It is demand for Nike to practice business ethics it let Nike to know what right thing to do and what the wrong thing not to do, such as violation of human rights or laws. Business ethics can assure the corporation to survive due to no criticism will lead to good reputation and good profitability.